Increasing the costs and risks of crimes has been emphasized in the police controls of drug markets to make dealers reluctant to be engaged in the market or even arrest them. From this viewpoint, reactions of drug markets and dealers against these programs determine their effectiveness. Hence, the main question is how drug markets respond to the police programs? Do these policies decrease supplying of drugs or the main parts of such markets are faced with the temporal, tactical, and geographical DISPLACEMENTs? In this study, three methods are used: a) deep interview with 27 drug dealers b) non-participant observation of drug dealers activities in the drug market, and c) discourse analysis of formal official. The Findings suggest that dealers manage the risks in drug markets by different strategies: Changing times of selling drugs, using different techniques such as carrying a few drugs, changing market place, selling drugs to friends, etc. From this point of view, staying in the drug market and selling drugs challenge the effectiveness of police intervention in drug markets. Moreover, the entry of new dealers, change in the type of drugs and adding impurities in the drugs make police interventions ineffective.

In performance based design, the hazard levels and relevant acceptable damages are clearly specified. Structural and non-structural performances are controlled by limiting stiffness, strength and members ductility characteristics. Using DISPLACEMENT amplification factors (Cd) and force REDUCTION factors (R) related to hazard levels, this paper present a method for determination of the stiffness and strength demands needed for BFs (Braced Frames) design. It means that two force REDUCTION factors and two DISPLACEMENT amplification factors are introduced for moderate and major earthquake levels (Immediate Occupancy and Life Safety performances) for determination of stiffness and strength demands. These factors depend on ductility factor, force REDUCTION factor due to ductility and overstrength factor. The procedure for determination of R and Cd factors and value of these factors for Io and LS performance level will be presented in this paper. The results indicate that force REDUCTION factors and DISPLACEMENT amplification factors may be easily used in performance based design methodology.

Introduction: Internal derangement (ID) of TMJ is the most common type of temporomandibular disorders after muscle disorders and includes all disorders related to incoordination and dislocation of disc and condyle. Anterior disc DISPLACEMENT without REDUCTION or closed lock will happen if the disc or condyle displaces severely or if the disc traps in the space in front of the condyle accompanied with REDUCTION in maximum mouth Opening. The purpose of this study was to evaluate reliability of clinical diagnosis of disc DISPLACEMENT without REDUCTION (closed lock) by using magnetic resonance imaging as the Gold standard. Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 10 patients who had referred to Dental school of Mashhad University with the symptoms of ID and were assigned a clinical diagnosis of disc DISPLACEMENT without REDUCTION. Sagital and coronal MR images were obtained with 0.5 Tesla magnetic resonance systems, with the jaw in closed and maximum opening position subsequently to establish the corresponding diagnosis of disc-condyle relationship. The data analysis included kappa statistic and calculation of positive predictive values and sensitivity. Results: The overall diagnostic agreement for disc DISPLACEMENT without REDUCTION was 0.22 with a corresponding kappa value. The predictive value for clinical diagnosis of disc DISPLACEMENT without REDUCTION was 20% and the sensitivity was 100%. Conclusion: According to the results, clinical diagnostic criteria for disc DISPLACEMENT without REDUCTION is not reliable and patients assigned clinical TMJ-related diagnosis of disc DISPLACEMENT without redaction may need to be supplemented by evidence from MRI to determine the functional disc – condyle relationship.

Engineering problem related to Expansive soils is their changes in volume by moisture. This soil tends to expand by absorbing water, so if they are not allow to expand and constrained pressure swelling pressure will create. Swelling pressure can cause settlement and damage to structures which are supported by this soil. There are different solutions for overcoming on this problem but utilizing of Geofoams (EPS) is one of the most innovative approaches. In this paper, the results of tests were conducted on buried flexible pipe which supported by geofoam in the expansive soil are presented. In these experiments, two boxes have been used in such a way that a smaller box is placed inside a larger box and space between two box was filled by water. Flexible pipe and geofoam (EPS) were located in the center of small box and then expansive soils were poured around the geofoam (EPS) and flexible pipe. The expansive soil which was used in this research was sodium bentonite. Sodium bentonite expands when wet, absorbing as much as several times its dry mass in water. Because of its excellent colloidal properties, it is often used in drilling mud for oil and gas wells and boreholes for geotechnical and environmental investigations. The property of swelling also makes sodium bentonite useful as a sealant, since it provides a self-sealing, low permeability barrier. It is used to line the base of landfills, for example To investigating the influence of geofoam (EPS) in REDUCTION of the swelling pressure and DISPLACEMENT was purpose of this experimental study. Four tests were done on flexible pipe, in the first test, flexible pipe was buried in expansive soil alone and in other tests geofoam (EPS) was used. Geofoams which used for protection of buried pipe, have 4 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm thickness respectively. each test was conducted in 32 days, because after 32 days the dial gage did not show any changes. By comparison on the values of obtained swelling pressure and DISPLACEMENT, it became clear that using a geofoam (EPS) with thickness of 4mm and 20mm can decrease swelling pressure and DISPLACEMENT up to 50 and 80 percent, respectively. Also value of swelling pressure and DISPLACEMENT REDUCTION for test with 40 mm thickness geofoam (EPS) was negligible. So it was found that increasing in geofoam (EPS) thickness can partially reduce swelling pressure and DISPLACEMENT of expansive soil, however, there is no direct correlation with increaseing the geofoams thickness.

Small size multi-spectral cameras are generating recently due to the fast development in UAVs technology and their application in agricultural field. These cameras are designed based on multi lenses structure where each lens captures images in special electromagnetic waves. There is a challenge in band to band co-registration due to this multi lens structure. On the other hand, Low altitude flight is necessary for some applications like plant disease detection where sub-pixel accuracy is needed to detect small features. Therefore, there is a higher miss-registration problem based on relief DISPLACEMENT in low flight altitude on top of trees after registration. The purpose of this article is to reduce the relief DISPLACEMENT error by introducing the most efficient image registration method. Therefore, three different datasets with different altitude are applied for this purpose. Results showed the proposed method was successful %83 to reduce miss-registration error.

The tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) having a uniform cross-sectional tube of U-shaped, occupied with liquid is used as a vibrational response mitigation device. The tuned liquid column ball damper (TLCBD) is a modified TLCD, where, an immovable orifice, positioned at the middle part of the horizontal portion, is replaced by a metal ball. Different studies on the unconstrained optimization performance of TLCBD subjected to the stochastic earthquake have been performed where limitations on the maximum amplitude of liquid present in the vertical portion of the tube were not imposed. In the case of the high magnitude of earthquake and space constraint, the excessive liquid movement might get generated in the vertical portion of the tube which can create challenging circumstances. This can be taken care of by restricting the liquid movement up to a certain limit. The present investigation considers the optimum performance of the structure with TLCBD for mitigating the vibrational response with limited liquid movement in the vertical portion of the tube. A numerical study has been carried out to demonstrate the difference between constrained and unconstrained optimization of structure-TLCBD system. Numerical results show the influence of constraining cases on optimum parameters and performance behavior of the structure-TLCBD system.

Protective steel doors are widely used in buildings due to their high resistance against the impact loads. However, its heavy weight has been always considered as a major drawback for these doors. In this paper, a new optimized stiffened impact-protective steel door incorporating sandwich panel with aluminum foam core (OSSA) is examined. This door consists of two face sheets, main and secondary stiffeners, and aluminum foam as the inner core. In order to optimize the door, at first the rigidity and weight functions of the stiffened steel door were extracted. Then an optimal door weighing 42% less than the primary door was obtained. Due to the high energy absorption capacity of the combined foam core and stiffened steel door structure, the use of aluminum foam core in the optimized steel door was proposed. By doing numerical analysis, and depending on the thickness of the face sheet of OSSA, 20 to 32% REDUCTION in the maximum DISPLACEMENT was observed. The results also showed that, with 67% increase in the peak overpressure, OSSA has kept almost the same maximum DISPLACEMENT as that of the steel door without an aluminum foam. In other words, by using aluminum foam core in the optimized stiffened door, the door will resist 67% more impact load.